Chronic Leukaemia of myeloid origin include:

• Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
• Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia (CMML)
• Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia (CNL)
• Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (aCML)
• Chronic Eosinophilic Leukaemia (CEL)
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Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) can affect patients of all age groups although it is more common in people above the age of 60 years. CML occurs when the bone marrow, the spongy material inside the large bones, produces an abnormally large number of myeloid cells. This results in excessive production of white blood cells which are immature or not fully developed. These immature white blood cells do not function well and also affect the ability of other cells in the bone marrow to function.
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What are the signs and symptoms of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia?

In most cases, CML does not cause any symptoms in the initial stages. The diagnosis is often made during  tests performed for other health reasons or screening..

As the condition progresses, patients may develop symptoms such as:

• Tiredness
• Unexplained weight loss
• Excessive night sweats
• Swelling and tenderness in the left side of the abdomen
• Pale skin
• Shortness of breath
• Fever
• Easy bruising and bleeding
• Bone pain
• Frequent infections
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Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

Early diagnosis and treatment of CML are vital for achieving better outcomes. The treatment of CML must be started immediately after the diagnosis is made even if the patient does not have any evident symptoms. It can help to slow down the progress of the disease and reduce the risk of complications..

The primary treatment of CML includes the use of oral targeted medications belonging to a class of drugs known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Tyrosine kinase is a protein that regulates the growth of white cells, and this protein is mutated in patients with CML. These drugs work by blocking tyrosine kinase, thus inhibiting the growth and multiplication of abnormal white cells..

Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, and Bosutinib are the commonly used tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the management of CML. Patients using these drugs should have regular blood tests to assess how the treatment is working. Our haematologist will be able to advise you on which drug is most suitable for your treatment as well as guide you through the management plan and how to monitor for side effects..

Most patients with CML have their condition well controlled by taking these oral targeted medications. However, some patients may need a stem cell transplant, especially if the disease has progressed to an advanced form of CML resulting in severe symptoms and complications.
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Chronic leukaemia of lymphoid origin include:

• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
• Hairy Cell Leukaemia
• Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukaemia
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) is a common form of chronic leukaemia of lymphoid origin. It affects the blood and bone marrow causing dysregulated growth and multiplication of the group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. The lymphocytes play a key role in protecting the body against infectious pathogens. The formation of immature lymphocytes in patients with CLL can affect the ability of the body to fight infections which can result in serious complications..

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia usually affects older adults. It is the most common form of blood cancer in the Caucasian population and is less common in Asians.
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What are the symptoms of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia?

Most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia do not develop any symptoms in the initial stages. Some patients may develop a few nonspecific signs and symptoms such as:

• Enlargement of the lymph nodes
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Pain in the left upper portion of the abdomen due to the enlargement of the spleen
• Unexplained weight loss
• Excessive night sweats
• Frequent infections
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Treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

The majority of patients with CLL tend to have early stage disease. Many of these patients will not have symptoms and often do not require any treatment..

Patients with more advanced stages of CLL, or those with aggressive subtypes of CLL, are advised to undergo drug therapy to control the progress of the disease..

Treatment of CLL can involve a combination of chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy and immunotherapy – Our haematologist will be able to guide you on whether you require therapy, and which combination of therapies will be most suited to your condition..

Chemotherapy and targeted drug therapies cause destruction of the rapidly-growing cancer cells and limit the spread of the disease..

Immunotherapy can also be effective in the management of CLL. It works by stimulating the functions of the immune system and improves the body’s natural ability to fight cancer. Immunotherapy treatment may also make it easier for the immune cells to identify cancer cells and attack them selectively..

A stem cell transplant is advisable in severe cases of CLL. During this treatment, chemotherapy drugs are administered to destroy the stem cells in the bone marrow that are responsible for creating abnormal or immature lymphocytes. This is followed by the infusion of  healthy and mature stem cells from a donor. These cells travel to the patient’s bone marrow and start producing healthy blood cells.

Chronic Leukaemia results from the dysregulated growth of the white blood cells in the bone marrow, causing an elevated white blood cell count.

Leukaemia is a cancer that begins in the blood-forming cells of one’s bone marrow. Depending on whether the abnormal cells are mature or immature, you have either acute or Chronic Leukaemia.

The primary difference between acute Myeloid Leukaemia and Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia is that the onset of AML is fast and aggressive, while CML generally progresses more slowly. Unlike AML, the majority of CML cases can be successfully managed with targeted oral therapy.

The primary difference between Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is that the onset of AML affects immature stem cells in the bone marrow and is a fast and aggressive form of blood disorder. On the other hand, CML affects the more mature forms of white cells in the bone marrow and tends to progress more slowly.

Most forms of CML are of an early stage (CML chronic phase) and can be very effectively treated with oral targeted therapies. However, in some cases, Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia develops into a more advanced stage, and occasionally CML can transform into Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. This form of CML, known as blast-phase CML, occurs less commonly since the start of the targeted era of drug therapies for CML.

Chemotherapy together with targeted drug therapies cause destruction of the rapidly-growing cancer cells and limit the spread of the disease.

Immunotherapy works by stimulating the functions of the immune system and improving the body’s natural ability to fight cancer. Immunotherapy treatment may also make it easier for the immune cells to identify cancer cells and attack them selectively.

Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, and Bosutinib are the commonly used tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the management of chronic leukaemia. Tyrosine kinase is a protein that regulates the growth of white cells, and this protein is mutated in patients with Chronic Leukaemia. These drugs work by blocking tyrosine kinase, thus inhibiting the growth and multiplication of abnormal white cells.

A bone marrow transplantation remains the only potential curative procedure for many forms of Advanced Acute Leukaemia. However, the cure rate varies depending on the disease stage of the Leukaemia. Our transplant team at CFCH will take the time to explain the treatment plan and chances of response to your therapy.

For Chronic Leukaemia patients, stem cell transplant is advisable in severe cases only. Patients will first have to undergo chemotherapy to destroy the stem cells that produce cancerous lymphocytes. This is followed by a stem cell infusion from a healthy donor.