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Peripheral blood stem cell collection is a safe procedure that will allow you to donate stem cells to a relative suffering from a blood disorder.
Stem Cells are cells present in the bone marrow that have the unique ability to grow and develop into the blood cells that your body requires to function (these include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets).
The peripheral blood stem cell collection is performed as you have given your consent to be a Stem Cell donor for your relative and tissue typing has indicated that you are a suitable donor.
Before undergoing a Stem Cell Collection (also known as apheresis or harvest), you will be asked to answer a screening questionnaire and go through an assessment by our doctor to ensure you are fit to be a donor.
A specialist apheresis nurse will explain the procedure for peripheral blood Stem Cell Collection and address any concerns.
We will also take a blood sample from you to check for infections such as hepatitis, HIV, and syphilis. A pregnancy test will be performed for females of childbearing age before starting the course of GCSF injections.
Stem Cells can be stimulated to enter your bloodstream from the bone marrow by using a growth hormone called granulocyte stimulating factor (GCSF). This process is called mobilisation.
A course of GCSF (granulocyte stimulating factor) injections will be given to you to mobilise your Stem Cells into your bloodstream.
The GCSF injections are usually given for five days, preferably at the same timing each day. An appointment will be made five days from the start of the GCSF injections for the peripheral blood Stem Cell Collection.
Our apheresis nurse will inform you of the date of commencement of the GCSF injections and the doses required.
The GCSF injections are available in the forms of pre-filled syringes that need to be stored in the fridge. The GCSF injections are administered just under your skin. The suitable places for these injections include the top of the thighs, the back of the arm, and stomach. GCSF injections should ideally be given in the evening at the same time each day.
Most patients prefer to do their own injections after being taught by the nurse. Relatives and carers can also be taught to administer the injections for you. Injections can also be given in our clinic or by your general practitioner.
Step–by–step instructions for giving GCSF injections:
Do not stop or miss the doses of GCSF injections unless advised by our doctor. This may affect the success of stem cell collection.
GCSF injections may cause some pulsating pain in the bone as your bone marrow is being stimulated to form new stem cells. You may also develop mild symptoms of flu. You can take painkillers such as paracetamol to relieve these side effects.
However, if you feel severe pain in the stomach, shoulder tip or chest, please contact our doctor immediately for advice.
You will be given an appointment for the stem cell collection at the Haematology Ward in Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital. It is vital that you attend your appointment on the correct date, or it will affect the entire process.
We will insert a cannula into one arm to draw your blood into a machine known as the cell separator. This machine spins the blood which results in the separation of your stem cells which are then collected in a bag.
We will collect only a few hundred millilitres of blood, which is less than the amount of blood drawn during a blood donation
The remaining blood will be returned to your body through a cannula in your other arm. The entire process takes approximately six hours
If the amount of stem cells collected is insufficient, you will be required to repeat this process for up to three days in a row.
Most people do not develop any complications during stem cell collection. The process is not painful, though it may cause mild discomfort.
You may experience a tingling feeling around the mouth that occurs due to the low calcium level in your blood. This is caused by the citric acid which is mixed with your blood while it is being processed in the cell separator machine to inhibit blood clotting.
Inform our nurse if you experience this as the symptoms can be easily be relieved by chewing calcium tablets. If the tingling does not reduce even after chewing calcium tablets, intravenous calcium would be given directly into your vein.
In rare cases, patients develop low blood pressure during the procedure. This symptom may occur in donors who are using medications for high blood pressure. We may ask you to omit these medications in the morning to avoid low blood pressure during stem cell collection.
If the veins in your arms are very narrow, there may be difficulties obtaining a good blood flow. In such cases, we may put a temporary catheter into a larger vein of your neck or chest. The catheter will remain in place only during the collection procedure. The line can be removed immediately after the collection of sufficient stem cells.
The cells donated by you will be stored in a stem cell laboratory and administered to the patient on the day of their stem cell transplant in a way similar to blood transfusions.
An appointment will be made for you to visit our transplant clinic one to two weeks after the peripheral blood stem cell collection for a blood test and follow-up assessment by our medical team. Our nurses may contact you to check on your recovery.
In order to find a donor for a stem cell transplant, DNA markers, known as Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), are taken into consideration. HLA markers are located on the surface of one’s white blood cells, and we inherit them from our biological parents. HLA typing is used to identify the best compatible donor for a patient.
In most cases, a fully-matched family donor is often the first choice donor for an allogeneic stem cell transplant. If there are no fully-matched siblings, then alternative choices may include matched donors from the donor registry networks, haploidentical donors from the family, or even umbilical cord blood units from the cord blood registry network.
There are several reasons someone may not be able to be a bone marrow donor. This includes being diagnosed with autoimmune diseases (e.g. fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis), being diagnosed with HIV (AIDS), or being overweight or underweight.
Doctors will review potential donors and their suitability to become bone marrow donors on a case-by-case basis.
In order to find a donor for a stem cell transplant, DNA markers, known as Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), are taken into consideration. HLA markers are located on the surface of one’s white blood cells, and we inherit them from our biological parents. This means that when considering a suitable donor for a stem cell transplant, it is likely to be from a sibling. However, it is possible to find a match from an unrelated donor. This is known as a matched unrelated donor.
For a patient to receive a bone marrow transplant, a matching donor must be found. Doctors use a specific blood test to analyse a potential donor’s human leukocyte antigens (HLA), specific proteins on white blood cells, before determining if they are a match.
Unfortunately, only 30 per cent of patients who require a bone marrow transplant are able to find a fully matched donor in their immediate family members. If there are no fully-matched family members, then a donor is usually sought on the global international donor registry. The chances of finding a donor are largely related to the patient ethnicity, as HLA matching is linked to ethnicity. As such, Caucasian and Chinese patients have in general a high chance of finding a match.
The information on the Centre For Clinical Haematology website is intended for educational use. It should not be considered or used as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment from a qualified health professional.
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